It’s a well known fact in boatbuilding and repair businesses that vinyl or polyester resins don’t bond well to each other once cured. At best you’ll get a weak mechanical bond which as you’ve seen comes apart pretty easy. Epoxy is the best choice and in most instances the only choice for working with fully cured resins.
There are other polyurethane adhesives that work nearly as well but I have no experience with them. 3M makes a polyurethane adhesive called 5200 which will stick pretty much anything to anything else. If it’s not a cosmetic part it might work. Curing times are much longer for polyurethane adhesives than epoxies.
Cyanoacrylate’s are another option you could try.
The only time I’ve ever had to do such a repair I used Interlux 2-part epoxy filler and it works great.